Protocol 005_PsBabyM1 Babylon¶

Important: revision 005_PsBABY5H of protocol Babylon contains a bug that is corrected in the latest version 005_PsBabyM1 more details can be found in section Bug affecting Bigmaps in 005_PsBABY5H.

This page contains all the relevant information for protocol 005 Babylon. Each of the main changes is briefly described with links to relevant external documentation and merge requests. There are two sections dedicated to all the changes to RPCs and operations. The changelog section contains the most significant commit messages and instructions to regenerate the protocol sources from the Gitlab branch.

This protocol contains several breaking changes with respect to Athens. Developers are particularly encouraged to carefully read this page and to monitor it for updates.

More documentation concerning Emmy+ and Michelson is available here.

Emmy+¶

Protocol 004 implements a consensus algorithm nick-named Emmy. Protocol 005 introduces several improvements to this algorithm, regrouped under the name Emmy+. In particular:

• the fewer endorsements a block carries the longer it takes before it can be considered valid,

• the fitness of a block is simply its height in the chain,

• changes to the rewards for block and endorsement of priority greater than 0.

Detailed information can be found in the blog announcement and analysis.

Merge requests (MR58) and (MR72)

Michelson¶

Protocol 005 contains several improvements to the Michelson smart contract language. More details are provided later in the changelog and in the Michelson update blog post.

A summary of the main changes:

• smart contracts now support entrypoints (MR59),

• contracts can now create, store and transmit as many big_maps as they want (MR76),

• comparable types are now closed under products (i.e. the pair constructor),

• a new instruction, CHAIN_ID, allows contracts to differentiate between the test chain and the main network (MR65),

• a gas cost overhaul has been integrated, and STEPS_TO_QUOTA has been disabled until a more robust semantics is found (MR73).

New instructions to facilitate compilation to Michelson¶

Some new instructions have been added in order to make Michelson a better compilation target for high level languages.

The new instructions DIG n, DUG n, DIP n { code }, DROP n allow to simplify commonly used patterns (MR81).

The new instruction APPLY allows to perform the partial application of an argument to a lambda (MR46).

Changes for compatibility with the accounts rehaul¶

A few changes are needed as a consequence of the accounts simplification.

• the instruction CREATE_ACCOUNT disappears,

• the type of CREATE_CONTRACT changes.

Proposal quorum¶

During the first period of a voting procedure, proposals can be submitted and the one with the largest number of upvotes is promoted to the testing vote period. In 004 the promoted proposal can have any number of upvotes, even 1, as long as the others proposals, if any, have less. Protocol 005 introduces a quorum of 5% (constant min_proposal_quorum) for proposals to be promoted to the testing vote period, if there is less than 5% of the stake supporting them, the protocol goes back to a proposal period.

Cryptium’s blog post (proposal quorum).

(MR71)

Quorum caps¶

During the test phases the participation needs to reach a quorum for a vote to be successful. The quorum adapt over time based on the participation of past votes. In 004 the quorum can reach very high values which would make passing new proposals very difficult even if there is large acceptance. On the other hand the quorum could reach very low levels if there is little participation. Protocol 005 introduces caps to limit the maximum and minimum value that the quorum can reach. The values proposed for minimum quorum cap is set to 20% and the maximum to 70%, these values can be changed in future updates. Additionally the formula to update the quorum uses an exponential moving average of the participation.

Cryptium’s blog post (quorum caps).

MR52.

Make implicit accounts delegatable¶

In protocols 004 only KT1 addresses, representing an account for delegation or a smart contract, can be delegated and only tz can register as delegate. In protocol 005, tz accounts which are not registered as delegate can be delegated towards a tz account registered as delegate. This change does not affect existing delegations of KT accounts.

One restriction remains that may be removed in the future: once a tz account is registered as delegate it cannot be un-registered. This in turn means that a registered delegate that wants to stop being one, cannot delegate to somebody else. The only solution for now is to move the funds to a newly created tz account and delegate from there.

Merge Request : MR61.

Replace KT1 accounts with manager.tz script¶

In 004 an address KT1 can refer to a scriptless account used for delegation or to a smart contract with code. Given that in 005 it is possible to delegate from tz accounts, scriptless KT1 accounts are deprecated. Existing KT1 accounts are replaced with a smart contract manager.tz which implements the same semantics. The smart contract has been formally verified in Mi-Cho-Coq.

While the migrated accounts preserves all their features, this will change the way wallets and other applications interact with them. Detailed instructions for migrating such applications will be provided in the coming days.

Merge requests - (MR66) - (MR74)

Changes to RPCs¶

This section lists the changes in RPCs to put the spotlight on them. To stay readable, it cannot provide detailed recipes to adapt to every one of them. Affected users can get the new formats by using the command tezos-client rpc list <url> and tezos-client rpc format <url>.

Consequence of Emmy +¶

• GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/constants has two new required fields “delay_per_missing_endorsement” and “initial_endorsers”.

• There are three new RPCs GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/minimal_valid_time, GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/required_endorsements and POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/endorsing_power.

Consequence of quorums¶

• GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/constants has three new required fields “min_proposal_quorum”, “quorum_max” and “quorum_min”.

Consequences of New instructions to facilitate compilation to Michelson¶

Inputs and outputs of

• GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id>

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id>/big_map_get

• GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id>/storage

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/typecheck_data

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/typecheck_code

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/pack_data

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/forge/operations

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/parse/operations

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/preapply/operations

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/preapply/block

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/run_code

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/run_operation

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/trace_code

are affected

Consequences of Entry-point introduction¶

New RPCs

• GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id>/entrypoints

• GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id>/entrypoints/<string>

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/entrypoint

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/entrypoints

Consequences of other Michelson changes¶

• Fields “manager” and “spendable” disappear in GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id> as well as the RPCs GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id>/manager, GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id>/spendable and GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id>/delegatable

• Output format of field “delegate” in GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id> and output of GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id>/manager_key are now public key hashes.

• Field “counter” becomes optional in GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/contracts/<contract_id>

• In GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/delegates/<pkh> and GET /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/context/delegates/<pkh>/delegated_contracts, field “Contract_hash” is replaced by “contract_id”.

Manager operations are incompatible¶

As a consequence, the following RPCs formats are intentionally changed to make explicit the modifications

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/forge/operations

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/parse/operations

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/preapply/operations

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/preapply/block

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/run_code

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/run_operation

• POST /chains/<chain_id>/blocks/<block_id>/helpers/scripts/trace_code

Changes to the binary format of operations¶

This section describes the changes in binary format for operations. It is possible for readers to compile this list by themselves by calling describe unsigned operation on the tezos client with both protocols Athens and Babylon, and then use a diffing tool.

The source field of manager operations is now a public key hash¶

In Babylon, only tz1, tz2 and tz3 accounts can be the source of manager operations (transaction, origination, delegation, reveal). These operations currently contain a source contract, that is a byte 0 followed by a public key hash for a tz1, tz2 or tz3, or a byte 1 followed by a contract hash for a KT1. This first byte disappears since the KT1 case is now impossible.

Transactions now have an entrypoint¶

In Athens, the transaction operation ends in either a byte 0, equivalent to sending Unit, and sufficient for transaction to tz1, tz2 or tz3 accounts, or a byte 1, followed by the smart contract parameter (four bytes of size followed by the serialized Michelson data).

In Babylon, the transaction operation ends in either a byte 0, equivalent to sending Unit to entrypoint %default, and sufficient for transaction to tz1, tz2 or tz3 accounts, or a byte 1, followed by the entrypoint, and then the smart contract parameter (four bytes of size followed by the serialized Michelson data).

The entrypoint format is as follows:

• one byte 0 for entrypoint %default

• one byte 1 for entrypoint %root

• one byte 2 for entrypoint %do

• one byte 3 for entrypoint %set_delegate

• one byte 4 for entrypoint %remove_delegate

• one byte 255 for a named entrypoint, then one byte of entrypoint name size (limited to 31), and the name itself

Bytes 5 to 254 are unused and may be used in future update to optimize in size frequent calls to common entrypoints.

Some fields are dropped in originations¶

In Babylon, smart contracts do not have a manager anymore, and must have a script.

The following field thus disappear:

• the manager public key (21 bytes),

• the spendable flag (1 byte),

• the delegatable flag (1 byte),

• the presence flag before the script field (1 byte).

The tags of all manager operations are shifted by 100¶

Because of the incompatibilities above, all manager operations see their tags changed. The transaction format incompatibility between Athens and Babylon is made explicit by this change.

• the reveal operation tag goes from 7 to 107,

• the transaction operation tag goes from 8 to 108,

• the origination operation tag goes from 9 to 109,

• the delegation operation tag goes from 10 to 110.

Developers who inject transactions in the chain must adapt to this new tagging policy. The recommended procedure is to make a dynamic test, and to produce a transaction in a format compatible with the next_protocol announced by the head of the chain.

Transactions that are emitted in the last moments of Athens and that do not get included in a block because of network latency will not survive the migration to Babylon. They will have to be emitted again in the new format.

Migration from scriptless KT1s to manager.tz¶

This section explains how to interact with the manager.tz contract that all existing KT1 accounts will have after the migration. Wallets can either urge their users to migrate to use implicit accounts or can support implicit accounts as well as scriptful KT1s.

The tezos-client has been updated to be mostly backwards compatible, and the below explanations are mostly directed at RPC users and the invocation of the tezos-client are given as examples.

To set delegate using the manager.tz script, one can use:

tezos-client transfer 0 from <src> to <dst> \
--entrypoint 'do' \
--arg '{ DROP ; NIL operation ; PUSH key_hash "<dlgt>" ; SOME ; SET_DELEGATE ; CONS }'

• src: has to be equal to the key_hash found in the contract’s storage, i.e. its manager.

• dst is the originated contract

• dlgt is the key_hash of the delegate

To remove delegate, use:

tezos-client transfer 0 from <src> to <dst> \
--entrypoint 'do' \
--arg '{ DROP ; NIL operation ; NONE key_hash ; SET_DELEGATE ; CONS }'

• src: has to be equal to the key_hash found in the contract’s storage, i.e. its manager.

• dst is the originated contract

To transfer (spend) tezos from originated contract to an implicit account, use:

tezos-client transfer 0 from <src> to <dst> \
--entrypoint 'do' \
--arg '{ DROP ; NIL operation ; PUSH key_hash "<adr>" ; IMPLICIT_ACCOUNT ; PUSH mutez <val> ; UNIT ; TRANSFER_TOKENS ; CONS }'

• src: has to be equal to the key_hash found in the contract’s storage, i.e. its manager.

• dst: is the originated contract

• adr: key_hash of the implicit account receiving the tokens

• val: amount of mutez to transfer

To transfer tezos from originated contract to another originated contract, use:

tezos-client transfer 0 from <src> to <dst> \
--entrypoint 'do' \
--arg '{ DROP ; NIL operation ; PUSH address <adr> ; CONTRACT %<ent> <par> ; ASSERT_SOME ; PUSH mutez <val> ; <ppar> ; TRANSFER_TOKENS ; CONS }'

• src: has to be equal to the key_hash found in the left part of the contract’s storage pair, i.e. its manager.

• dst: is the originated contract

• adr: addressee to receive the tokens

• ent: addressee script’s entrypoint (omit if not used)

• par: addressee script’s call parameter type

• ppar: instruction to push parameter value of call to addressee script

• val: amount of mutez to transfer

Origination script transformation¶

The spendable and delegatable flags determine the template, if any:

spendable

delegatable

template

true

true

true

false

false

true

false

false

none

For a complete Michelson pseudo-code showing these transformations, together with examples of these transformations applied to the id.tz script, please refer to this Mi-cho-coq merge request.

For both add_do and add_set_delegate templates, the original script’s storage gets wrapped in a pair, with the manager of the contract being written into the left part of the pair. The right part of the storage is the original storage value of the original storage type.

Template add_do¶

The original script’s parameter is wrapped in or type, with its left part being the newly added parameter of type lambda unit (list operation) and entrypoint annotation %do. The right part of the parameter is the original parameter of the original parameter type with added %default entrypoint annotation.

To spend and set/remove delegate one can use the same calls as for the [manager.tz script](#manager-tz-script).

There is no change to use original script functionality, as the original parameter type is given %default entrypoint. Any argument you pass in to the call will get automatically wrapped to match the Right part of the transformed script’s parameter.

Template add_set_delegate¶

The original script’s parameter is wrapped in or type, with its left part being the newly added parameter of type:

or
(key_hash %set_delegate)
(unit %remove_delegate)


with two entrypoints - %set_delegate and %remove_delegate. The right part of the parameter is the original parameter of the original parameter type with added %default entrypoint annotation.

To set delegate using the added entrypoint, one can use:

tezos-client transfer 0 from <src> to <dst> \
--entrypoint 'set_delegate' \
--arg '"<dlgt>"'

• src: has to be equal to the key_hash found in the left part of the contract’s storage pair, i.e. its manager.

• dst is the originated contract

• dlgt is the key_hash of the delegate

To remove delegate, use:

tezos-client transfer 0 from <src> to <dst> \
--entrypoint 'remove_delegate' \
--arg 'Unit' # arg is optional, it defaults to Unit when omitted

• src: has to be equal to the key_hash found in the left part of the contract’s storage pair, i.e. its manager.

• dst is the originated contract

Please note, that you are not allowed to transfer tokens on %do, %set_delegate, or %remove_delegate entrypoints calls. Invoke these entrypoints with tezos-client transfer 0.

Gas cost changes¶

The cost for managing the delegate of the manager.tz script is 25817 gas to set the delegate and 25722 to withdraw the current delegation.

For other contracts with %set_delegate and remove_delegate, it varies with the contract as the gas cost for typechecking depends on the contract’s code.

The gas cost for each kind of transfer operation is as follow:

• implicit account (tz1|tz2|tz3…) → implicit account : 10207 gas

• implicit account → originated manager.tz : 15285 gas

• originated manager.tz → implicit account : 26183 gas

• originated manager.tz → originated manager.tz : 44625 gas

Bug affecting Bigmaps in 005_PsBABY5H¶

Protocol 005_PsBABY5H contains a bug affecting Bigmaps.

The has_big_map function used to compute whether or not a Michelson type contains a big_map was wrongly implemented and always returned false. This had the following consequences:

• For newly originated contracts, storing several big_maps and operating on them is possible but regular maps are used under the hood so the efficiency is much worse than expected. Sending a big_map to another contract is not always possible.

• For migrated contracts storing a big_map, updating the stored big_map is not possible anymore; getting the stored values is possible but less efficient than expected.

Additionally there is also a small regression affecting the trace_code RPC. As a result, the tracing functionality of the interpreter was disabled.

Both issues above are fixed in protocol 005_PsBabyM1.

Changelog¶

You can see the full git history on the branch proto-005. In order to regenerate a protocol with the same hash as Babylon you can run from this branch:

$./scripts/snapshot_alpha.sh babylon_005 from athens_004$ ls src/proto_005_PsBabyM1


Emmy+¶

• Baker: adapt baker code for Emmy+

This is not a patch for the protocol.
It does not affect the hash, but is needed for the baker to work.

- BREAKING CHANGE: remove the await_endorsement arg as it becomes mandatory.
- Implement new heuristic to wait for endorsements
- Adapt local validation to match the new validation semantics.
- Fix "bake for --minimal-timestamp".
- Prevent the creation of block with a timestamp in the future unless --force is given.

• Proto: rewards depend on block priority

Contains a BREAKING CHANGE (see end of message).

The baking reward is now calculated w.r.t a given priority [p] and a
number [e] of included endorsements as follows:

(block_reward / (p+1)) * (0.8 + 0.2 * e / endorsers_per_block)

Explorers or bakers that recompute the reward by themselves should
implement this new formula. Those who use the block receipts should be
fine.

• Proto: freeze endorsement deposits at operation application

In Athens and before, endorsement deposits where taken at the end of
the block validation, after the transactions, including transaction
from the endorsers' accounts. This made things more difficult for the
baker, and led to a few mishaps in the past.

This patch changes that behaviour, so that endorsement deposits are
taken before transactions are evaluated.

• Proto: add RPCs to query the required endorsement constraints

This patch adds the necessary RPCs to implement the baker for Emmy+.

Developers of analytics tools or explorers may also want to use these
new RPCs.

• Proto: add a minimum number of endorsements requirement, a.k.a Emmy+

Contains a BREAKING CHANGE (see end of message).

A block is now valid only if its timestamp has a minimal delay with
respect to the previous block's timestamp, and this minimal delay
depends not only on the block's priority but also on the number of
endorsement operations included in the block.

In Emmy+, blocks' fitness increases by one unit with each level.

In this way, Emmy+ simplifies the optimal baking strategy: The bakers
used to have to choose whether to wait for more endorsements to
include in their block, or to publish the block immediately, without
waiting. The incentive for including more endorsements was to increase
the fitness and win against unknown blocks. However, when a block was
produced too late in the priority period, there was the risk that the
block did not reach endorsers before the block of next priority. In
Emmy+, the baker does not need to take such a decision, because the
baker cannot publish a block too early.

Third party developers should make sure they can parse the new fields
in the /constants RPC, or at least ignore them.


Michelson¶

• Proto/Michelson: Deprecate instruction STEPS_TO_QUOTA

The semantics of the STEPS_TO_QUOTA instruction changes each time the
gas constants are modified to better reflect the real costs.

Moreover, because of STEPS_TO_QUOTA, the interpreter is not monotonic:
it is easy to write a contract that runs successfully at some gas
amount but fails when more gas is given.

• Proto/Michelson: expose internal function of the Michelson interpreter

This patch is a refactor that does not change the semantics. It will
allow external tools such as steppers or debuggers to control more
finely the Michelson interpreter from outside the protocol.

• Proto/Michelson: add APPLY instruction to partially apply a lambda

This instruction applies a tuplified function from the stack.  Such a
lambda is storable, and thus values that cannot be stored (values of
type operation, contract _ and big_map _ _) cannot be
captured by APPLY (cannot appear in 'a).

• Proto/Michelson: relax big_map restrictions

A contract can now have more than one big_map, they can be placed
anywhere in the storage. Big maps can be transferred from a contract
to another, either as parameter (transactions) or storage
(originations). In this case, they are morally duplicated (as opposed
to shared) from the contract point of view. In the implementation,
sharing happens. Big maps can be created with EMPTY_BIG_MAP t and
cleared on the fly.

The big_map type still cannot appear as argument of big_map, PUSH or
UNPACK. When you duplicate a big map, you are charged with the full
storage cost.

This patch moves the big maps outside of the contracts in the context,
in their own prefix path and indexed by integers. Big_map literals in
Michelson expressions are now either the same as maps or their integer
index.

A temporary zone is introduced, necessary to make sure that big_maps
are not spuriously cleared or left dangling during big_map transfers
in internal operations. These are represented by negative indexes, and
don't persist.

• Proto/Michelson: new gas costs

The cost functions in Michelson_v1_gas were to a large extent
automatically generated. Please refer to meta_model.ml

The (abstract) cost model makes large use of floating-point
coefficient. These were converted to either integer
multiplication/divisions or to statically generated fixed-point
computations.

• Proto/Michelson: finer-grained cost accounting for the interpreter

I. Rescaling step cost
- Rescale step_cost by 2^7 to allow finer cost accounting in the
interpreter.
- Expose new function atomic_step_cost exposing finer resolution step
increments.

II. Provide facilities for interpreter-specific cost accounting

Introduce new functions Gas.incr_interpreter_cost and
Gas.bill_interpreter_cost.

- The context stores a new counter 'interpreter_cost' of type
Gas_limit_repr.cost
- functions are provided to:
- increment this counter (incr_interpreter_cost) and
- bill for the gas corresponding to this counter and reset this
counter. Until bill_interpreter_cost is called, the interpreter_cost
is _not_ taken into account into the effectively consumed gas.
- Each call to incr_interpreter_cost still checks that we are under
the operation and block gas limits.
- The interpreter uses these functions instead of the usual
Gas.consume.

The invariant that has to be respected for this to be transparent to
the rest of the protocol is that all continuations of the step
function to other functions should bill and reset the interpreter_cost
beforehand. This concerns calls to interp, calls to the typechecker,
calls to read from a big map, calls to the
serialization/deserialization  mechanism, etc; in short, all calls to
other parts of the protocol should have a context in a state where
this fine-grained gas bookkeeping has been settled and reset.

• Proto/Michelson: add comparable_ty type witness in boxed sets

Some cost functions require computing the size of keys/elts of
maps/sets. Not being able to dispatch on the element type was making
this impossible outside of the interpreter (where the element type of
the set could be accessed elsewhere). This patch fixes that.

• Proto/Michelson: unshare cost functions of the interpreter & the rest of the protocol

This patch is a refactor to prepare for the gas costs rehaul. It
dissociates the gas consumed by the interpreter, which is the part
that is updated according to thorough benchmarking, from other source
of gas consumption in the protocol (typechecking, serialization etc.)
which are left untouched in this update.

• Proto/Michelson: extend comparison to linear pair structures

Michelson's COMPARE instruction can currently only compare simple
values (strings, ints, etc.). This limitation also applies to
set, map and big_map indexes.

This is an issue in particular for big_maps that cannot be nested,
because it prevents indexing data by a pair of indexes, such as a
key_hash and a string.

This patch lifts that restriction, allowing to compare pairs of
values, as long as their left component remains a simple value,
implicitly making comparable values right combs whose leaves are simple
values. The ordering is naturally lexicographic.

This patch also refactors a bit the comparison code to simplify it and
reduce code duplication.

• Proto/Michelson: comparisons return -1, 0, or 1, as per the documentation

The Michelson documentation states that COMPARE pushes -1 (resp. 1)
if the top element of the stack is smaller (resp. greater) than the
second. However, the implementation can actually push a negative
number instead of -1 and a positive number instead of 1 depending on
the type and values.

This semantics should not break any code as the result of COMPARE is
almost always consumed by comparison projectors such as GT or LT
who only care about the sign. However, for the sake of consistency,
this patches makes COMPARE return only -1, 0 or 1.

This fixes issue #546

• Proto/Michelson: add special encoding for do and set/remove_delegate entrypoints

This patch optimises the binary representation of transactions to
usual entrypoints. The do entrypoint is used by manager.tz script
and the set_delegate and remove_delegate by spendable script
transformation.

• Proto/Michelson: handle default entrypoint originated before migration

This patch preserves the semantics of CREATE_CONTRACT instructions
for contracts deployed before the migration that deploy a contract
with a default entrypoint. This is done by adding a %root entrypoint
as detailed in a previous patch.

• Proto/Michelson: Add CHAIN_ID and chain_id

Add an abstract type and an instruction to obtain the chain id from
Michelson code.

This is to implement replay protection between the main chain and the
test chain spawned in phase 3 of the voting procedure.

• Proto/Michelson: new instructions DIG n, DUG n, DIP n { code }, DROP n

 - DIG n : get the element at top of the n-th tail of the stack and move it to the top. DIG 0 is a no-op.
- DUG n : get the element at the top of the stack, and move it downwards n slots. DUG 0 is a no-op.
- DIP n { code } : execute code after removing the top n elements of the stack, and put these n elements back on top of the resulting stack. DIP 0 { code } is equivalent to { code }.
- DROP n : drop the top n elements of the stack. DROP 0 is a no-op.

Smart contract authors should switch to these new instructions in
their developments.

• Proto/Michelson: corrected error message for the contract type

This is a minor fix for the Michelson typechecker to produce a better
error message on some ill-typed contracts.

• Proto/Michelson: modify semantics of NOW instruction

The NOW instruction now pushes the minimal injection time on the
stack for the current block/priority, instead of the actual timestamp
put in the block by the baker.

This is a change required by the switch to Emmy+, in which a baker
could decide after having forged a block to include a late endorsement
and update the timestamp to an earlier point. With the current
semantics of NOW, this would mean reevaluating all operations to
make sure they are still valid every time such a change is
decided. This patch prevents that issue by fixing the timestamp seen
by Michelson independently of the number of endorsements.

• Proto/Michelson: annotation semantics fixes

Contains a BREAKING CHANGE (see end of message).

Some instructions were missing consistency checks on the annotations
of their arguments. For instance, it was possible to CONS a value of
type unit :A on a list (unit :B).

Smart contracts already deployed before the migration will continue to
work even if they present such issues.

However, smart contract authors should already make sure that their
annotations are consistent by using the new typechecker in a sandbox.
This is even more recommended for contracts deployed before the
migration that use the CREATE_CONTRACT instruction. If the code they
deploy is ill-annotated according to the new stricter rule, these
contracts will produce failing operations after the migration.

• Proto/Michelson: do not allow annotations inside data anymore

Some Michelson values could bear type annotations. These were
inconsistent and unspecified. Annotations inside data can now only
appear inside lambdas.

• Proto/Michelson: option cannot bear field annotations anymore

Contains a BREAKING CHANGE (see end of message).

Field annotations on option types were inconsistent with other field
annotations on other types, interfering with field annotations on
their parent type, and the implementation was buggy.

Smart contract authors should stop putting field annotations on their
option types, or their contract will not be deployable after the
migration. It is enough to erase the annotations.

• Proto/Michelson: add services to list entrypoints

This patch adds four new URIs.

- /helpers/entrypoint_type
- /helpers/list_entrypoints
- /contracts/index/<KT1>/entrypoints/
- /contracts/index/<KT1>/entrypoints/<name>

• Proto/Michelson: add lightweight multiple entrypoints

Contains a BREAKING CHANGE (see end of message).

This patch implements a way for a transaction to target a specific
code path of a smart contract using a name. The implementation is
piggy baking on Michelson's or type and field annotations.

To take advantage of the multiple entrypoint feature, the parameter
type of a contract must have at its toplevel a tree of or types. At
each branching point in this tree, a field annotation (the ones with a
%) can appear, providing the name of the entrypoint.

Transactions now have to specify an entrypoint name. When a
transaction is executed, the appropriate Left and Right
constructors are automatically added to the value that is pushed onto
the input stack, depending on the position of the entrypoint in the
parameter type tree.

This way, two contracts who share an entrypoint of the same type under
the same name can be called exactly the same, even if the entrypoint
is placed at a different point in their parameter type tree. From
inside the smart contract, nothing changes.

From within Michelson, this feature is also available. The contract
t type now points to a specific entrypoint (of type t) of the
contract. For this, the CONTRACT and SELF instructions now take an
optional annotation (set to %default if not passed). The
TRANSFER_TOKEN instruction will then use the entrypoint from the
contract t value that it consumes from the stack.

An exception to the semantics is made for the %default entrypoint :
if present in the contract, it behaves as any other, however if not
present, default is automatically attributed to the root of the
parameter type.

A special check is made at origination that there is no two
entrypoints with the same name, and that if a default is present
somewhere, then all entrypoints must be named, as otherwise some parts
of the code would be unreachable.

Smart contract developers can already use the feature, and their
contracts will automatically take advantage of entrypoints after the
migration.

Smart contract developers should take great care when deploying
contracts that use the CREATE_CONTRACT instruction, as this
instruction will produce a failing operation after the migration if it
tries to deploy a contract with ill formed entrypoints. To prevent
this, contract authors should test their contract in a sandbox with
the new protocol, or simply avoid hardcoding the CREATE_CONTRACT
instruction when possible.

• Proto/Michelson: disable storing values of type contract t in newly originated contracts

Contains a BREAKING CHANGE (see end of message).

In Athens and before, Michelson contracts could store typed handles to
contracts in their storage or in constants in the code. This meant
that typechecking a contract required accessing other contracts from
the chain context. This extra type safety was not worth the
engineering cost for tooling and high level languages. Contracts will
now have to store values of type address and use the CONTRACT
instruction to typecheck contract references on demand.

All existing contracts that used the feature will continue to work
as-is. This is done by introducing a legacy flag throughout the
typechecking code, with the following trivial semantics:
- everything already in the chain is considered legacy and can
use deprecated features,
- everything added to the chain (parameters of transactions and code
and storage of originations cannot.

Smart contract developers should adapt their code to store addresses
and use instruction CONTRACT.

• Proto/Michelson: eliminate useless storage read for parse_contract

This patch removes a spurious access to the storage when typechecking a
contract reference. It makes this operation cheaper in gas.

• Proto/Michelson: peephole optimization of UNPAIR

This makes the often used UNPAIR macro cheaper in terms of gas.


Governance¶

• Proto: Require 5% minimum quorum of protocol proposal

Contains a BREAKING CHANGE (see end of message).

The protocol will now remain in the initial proposal voting phase
until a protocol gets upvoted by at least 5% of the stake.

Third party developers should make sure they can parse the new fields
in the /constants RPC, or at least ignore them.

• Proto: participation EMA and min/max quorum caps

Contains a BREAKING CHANGE (see end of message).

Change the formula from quorum update on vote period to participation
EMA (exponential moving average). Current quorum storage is removed
and new storage participation EMA is introduced.

Minimum and maximum quorum caps are added to the constants of the
economic protocol. Whenever a voting period would cause the quorum to
go below or above the caps it will be bound to the limit defined in
the constants.

In the future token holders can easily modify the caps by changing the
constants.

Third party developers should make sure they can parse the new fields
in the /constants RPC, or at least ignore them.


Accounts rehaul¶

• Proto: all KT1s must now be scripted

Contains BREAKING CHANGES (see end of message).

It removes the manager, spendable and delegatable flags and counter from all KT1s.

It deprecates CREATE_ACCOUNT from use in new contracts, as well as the
manager, spendable and delegatable arguments from CREATE_CONTRACT.

Already deployed contracts with deprecated instructions will continue
to work by using legacy support scripts (deploying manager.tz for
CREATE_ACCOUNT and adding entrypoints for CREATE_CONTRACT).

This change will impact all users of the RPC API as well as anyone who
forges operations. The source of manager operations is now a tz1, tz2
or tz3, and no longer a KT1. The manager field and the spendable and
delegatable flags disappear from the origination operation format
(JSON and binary) as well as everywhere in the RPC API.

• Proto: add code stubs to handle %default entrypoints originated before migration

This code stub adds a %root entrypoint to contracts that have a
default entrypoint, and rewrite their calls to SELF into SELF
%root. This is used to preserve the typing of SELF within contracts
with deployed before the migration that have a %default entrypoint.

• Proto: add Michelson code stubs to replicate manager operations on KT1s

Spendable, scriptless contracts are simulated by the 'manager.tz' script,
which replaces their functionality. It allows for the contract's manager to set
and withdraw delegate, spend the contract's funds and to set a new manager,
which is written into script's storage.

The 'manager.tz' script's parameters have field annotations, which in
combination with script entry-points allows for friendlier commands for
running the script.

Spendable and delegatable flags are simulated by adding entrypoints to
a scripted contract.

• Proto: make implicit accounts delegatable

Contains BREAKING CHANGES (see end of message).

Implicit accounts (tz1, tz2, tz3) can directly set their
delegate. Furthermore implicit accounts have the ability to delete
their delegate by sending a "delegate" transaction with an empty
delegate field.  This specific patch does not impact the ability for
originated (KT1) accounts to set or delete their delegate.

The storage type of the "Delegated" accounts changes it's index from
"Contract_hash" to "Contract_repr.Index". This change in the type
signature allows that both implicit and originated accounts can be
stored in the set.

Explorers and wallets should handle the delegation from tz1, tz2 and
tz3 accounts. RPC /context/delegates/<pkh>/delegated_contracts (and
composite RPC /context/delegates/<pkh>/) can now contain tz1, tz2


Migration¶

• Proto/Migration: switch scripted KT1s to new big_map storage

This patch looks for big_maps in existing smart contracts, and moves
them to their new storage path.

• Proto/Migration: handle default entrypoint originated before migration

This patch updates contracts deployed before the migration with a
%default entrypoint. This is done by adding a %root entrypoint as
detailed in a previous patch.

• Proto/Migration: update deployed multisigs to the newest supported version

Contains a BREAKING CHANGE (see end of message).

This does not change the behaviour of the multisig. It adds a call to
the newly introduced CHAIN_ID instruction in order to add extra
replay protection between the main chain and the test chain.

Smart contract users that do not use the tezos-client but a custom
tool to interact with multi-signature contracts deployed with the
tezos-client should also include the CHAIN_ID in the commands they
sign.

• Proto/Migration: migrate KT1s with and without script

Contains a BREAKING CHANGE (see end of message).

All spendable, scriptless contracts are migrated to 'manager.tz' script.

Contracts that have a spendable flag set are augmented with a %do
entrypoint. Contracts that have a delegatable flag set are augmented
with %set_delegate and %remove_delegate entrypoints.

Interacting with converted contracts must now be done via smart
contract calls. As an example, here is how tezos-client handles
retro-compatibility for the transfer and set delegate commands.

When crafting a transaction, if the source is a KT1, if checks that
its storage is either of type key_hash or pair key_hash _, and
retrieve this key_hash. Let's name this key_hash <manager>.

To implement tezos-client set delegate for <contract> to <delegate>,
it starts by looking for entrypoints.

If %set_delegate is present, it does the equivalent of
'tezos-client transfer 0 from <manager> to <contract> \
--entrypoint 'set_delegate' --arg '<delegate>'
where <manager> is the key_hash found in the contract's storage

If %do is present, it does the equivalent of
'tezos-client transfer 0 from <manager> to <contract> \
--entrypoint 'do' \
--arg '{ NIL operation ; \
PUSH key_hash <delegate> ; \
SOME ; \
SET_DELEGATE ; \
CONS }'
where <manager> is the key_hash found in the contract's storage

To implement tezos-client transfer <amount> from <contract> to <destination>,
when the destination is a simple address or a contract of type unit,
it does the equivalent of

tezos-client transfer 0 from <manager> to <contract> \
--entrypoint "do" \
--arg '{ NIL operation ; \
CONTRACT unit;
AMOUNT ; \
UNIT ; \
TRANSFER_TOKENS ; \
CONS ; \
PAIR }'


To implement tezos-client transfer <amount> from <contract> to <destination> \
[--arg <value>] [--entrypoint <entrypoint>],
it starts by checking that the contract has a %do entrypoint.

Then it look for type <entrypoint> of contract <destination> in the chain

And it does the equivalent of

tezos-client transfer 0 from <manager> to <contract> \
--entrypoint "do" \
--arg '{ NIL operation ; \
CONTRACT %<entrypoint> <type>; # Omit <entrypoint> if not given
AMOUNT ; \
PUSH <type> <value> ; \ # UNIT if <arg> not given
TRANSFER_TOKENS ; \
CONS ; \
PAIR }'


• Proto/Migration: new constant min_proposal_quorum

This patch initializes the newly introduced min_proposal_quorum
protocol parameter to 5%.

• Proto/Migration: migrate the values of ‘Contract.Delegated’ storage

This patch migrates the context according to the previous patch.

• Proto/Migration: migrate last_block_priority to block_priority

This patch migrates the context to include the current block priority
instead of the one of the predecessor. This is needed for the new
block reward schema introduced by the previous patch.

• Proto/Migration: constants for Emmy+

This patches stores the initial values for the new protocol parameters
introduced by Emmy+.

• Proto/Migration: participation EMA and min/max quorum caps

This commit amends the context. It uses the
last value of current quorum for participation EMA and adds
min/max quorum caps to it. Initially the minimum quorum cap
is set to 20% and the maximum to 70%.

• Proto/Migration: add all constants in the context

This patch does not change the semantics.

It migrates the stored constants in a way compatible with the new
format defined by the previous patch.

In the previous format, only parameters different from the (now
removed) default values were stored. Now all parameters are stored
explicitly.

• Proto/Migration: add invoicing to multi-sig smart-contract