Various¶
Private node¶
The node can be set in private mode with the option --private-mode
so that:
it doesn’t connect to any peer other than those provided with
--peeror inbootstrap-peersthe peers connected to a private node don’t advertise it in the list of peers sent to their neighborhood
This feature is especially useful to hide a sensitive node that signs operations.
For example we could have a set up with two nodes, a private one connected uniquely with a public one. The public node runs on a VPS, connects normally to the network and keeps an up to date state of the network while the private node runs at your home and is in charge of injecting and signing operations with a hardware wallet.
tezos-node run --rpc-addr [::] --private-mode \
--no-bootstrap-peers \
--synchronisation-threshold=1 \
--connections 1 \
--peer <public-node-ip>
Configuration options for the node¶
./tezos-node config init
This will initialize a configuration file for the node in
$HOME/.tezos-node/config.json, using default values. It only
specifies that the node will listen to incoming connections on socket
address [::]:9732.
The easiest way to amend this default configuration is to use
# Update the config file
./tezos-node config update <…>
# Start from an empty cfg file
./tezos-node config reset <…>
All blockchain data is stored under $HOME/.tezos-node/. You can
change this by doing ./tezos-node config update –data-dir
</somewhere/in/your/disk>.
To run multiple nodes on the same machine, you can duplicate and edit
$HOME/.tezos-node/config.json while making sure they don’t share
the same data-dir. Then run your node with ./tezos-node
run –config-file=</path/to/alternate_cfg>.
Here is an example configuration file with all parameters specified. Most of the time it uses default values, except for cases where the default is not explanatory enough (i.e. “bootstrap-peers” is an empty list by default). Comments are not allowed in JSON, so this configuration file would not parse. They are just provided here to help writing your own configuration file if needed.
{
/* Location of the data dir on disk. */
"data-dir": "/home/tezos/my_data_dir"
/* Configuration of net parameters */
"net": {
/* Floating point number between 0 and 256 that represents a
difficulty, 24 signifies for example that at least 24 leading
zeroes are expected in the hash. */
"expected-proof-of-work": 24.5,
/* List of hosts. Tezos can connect to both IPv6 and IPv4
hosts. If the port is not specified, default port 9732 will be
assumed. */
"bootstrap-peers": ["::1:10732", "::ffff:192.168.1.3:9733", "mynode.tezos.com"],
/* Specify if the node is in private mode or not. A node in
private mode only opens outgoing connections to peers whose
addresses are in [trusted_peers] and only accepts incoming
connections from trusted peers. In addition, it informs these
peers that the identity of the node should not be revealed to
the rest of the network. */
"private-mode": false,
/* Network limits */
"limits": {
/* Delay granted to a peer to perform authentication, in
seconds. */
"authentication-timeout": 5,
/* Strict minimum number of connections (triggers an urgent
maintenance). */
"min-connections": 50,
/* Targeted number of connections to reach when bootstrapping /
maintaining. */
"expected-connections": 100,
/* Maximum number of connections (exceeding peers are
disconnected). */
"max-connections": 200,
/* Number above which pending incoming connections are
immediately rejected. */
"backlog": 20,
/* Maximum allowed number of incoming connections that are
pending authentication. */
"max-incoming-connections": 20,
/* Max download and upload speeds in KiB/s. */
"max-download-speed": 1024,
"max-upload-speed": 1024,
/* Size of the buffer passed to read(2). */
"read-buffer-size": 16384,
}
},
/* Configuration of rpc parameters */
"rpc": {
/* Host to listen to. If the port is not specified, the default
port 8732 will be assumed. */
"listen-addr": "localhost:8733",
/* Cross Origin Resource Sharing parameters, see
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-origin_resource_sharing. */
"cors-origin": [],
"cors-headers": [],
/* Certificate and key files (necessary when TLS is used). */
"crt": "tezos-node.crt",
"key": "tezos-node.key"
},
/* Configuration of log parameters */
"log": {
/* Output for the logging function. Either "stdout", "stderr" or
the name of a log file . */
"output": "tezos-node.log",
/* Verbosity level: one of 'fatal', 'error', 'warn', 'notice',
'info', 'debug'. */
"level": "info",
/* Fine-grained logging instructions. Same format as described in
`tezos-node run --help`, DEBUG section. In the example below,
sections "net" and all sections starting by "client" will have
their messages logged up to the debug level, whereas the rest of
log sections will be logged up to the notice level. */
"rules": "client* -> debug; net -> debug; * -> notice",
/* Format for the log file, see
http://ocsigen.org/lwt/dev/api/Lwt_log_core#2_Logtemplates. */
"template": "$(date) - $(section): $(message)"
},
/* Configuration for the validator and mempool parameters */
"shell": {
/* The number of peers to synchronize with
before declaring the node 'bootstrapped'. */
"synchronisation_threshold": 4,
/* Latency in seconds used for the synchronisation
heuristic. */
"latency": 120,
/* The history mode configuration you want to run. */
"history_mode": "full"
}
}
Environment for writing Michelson contracts¶
Here is how to setup a practical environment for writing, editing and debugging Michelson programs.
Install Emacs and configure it to use the MELPA package repository.
Inside Emacs, install the michelson-mode package and its
dependency deferred by
running M-x package-install-file; the package file is located in
the emacs folder of the Tezos code base.
Set up the Michelson mode to use the Tezos
client in mockup mode (to typecheck Michelson
scripts without interacting with a Tezos node) by adding in your
.emacs file:
(setq michelson-client-command "tezos-client --base-dir /tmp/mockup --mode mockup --protocol ProtoALphaALphaALphaALphaALphaALphaALphaALphaDdp3zK")
(setq michelson-alphanet nil)
Note that the Michelson mode will be chosen automatically by Emacs for
files with a .tz or .tez extension.
We can now open our favourite contract emacs
./src/bin_client/test/contracts/attic/id.tz and, when moving the cursor on
a Michelson instruction, in the bottom of the windows Emacs should
display the state of the stack before (left) and after (right) the
application of the instruction.
The Emacs mode automatically type-checks your program and reports
errors; once you are happy with the result you can ask the client to
run it locally:
tezos-client run script ./src/bin_client/test/contracts/attic/id.tz \
on storage '"hello"' and input '"world"'
Debugging¶
It is possible to set independent log levels for different logging sections in Tezos, as well as specifying an output file for logging. See the description of log parameters above as well as documentation under the DEBUG section displayed by tezos-node run –-help.
Admin Client¶
The admin client enables you to interact with the peer-to-peer layer in order to:
check the status of the connections
force connections to known peers
ban/unban peers
A useful command to debug a node that is not syncing is:
tezos-admin-client p2p stat
Tezos binaries: signals and exit codes¶
Signals:
Upon receiving SIGINT (e.g., via Ctrl+C in an interactive session) or
SIGTERM (e.g., via systemctl stop) the process will exit (with code 64 or
255, see details below). Note that sending the same signal a second time (after
a one (1) second grace period) will terminate the process immediately,
interrupting the normal clean-up functions of clean-up (in this case the exit
code will be 255).
Exit codes: The meaning of exit codes is presented in the following table. The action column indicates a recommended course of action.
exit code |
meaning |
action |
0 |
the process exited successfully |
nothing |
1–125 |
something went unexpectedly |
check output/log to see if you forgot an argument or some such |
126 |
an exception was not handled |
report a bug |
127 |
the process received a signal (e.g., via Ctrl-C) |
nothing |
128 |
the process was about to exit successfully but an error occurred during exit |
check output/logs, clean-up leftover files, open a bug report |
129–253 |
like 1–125 and an error occurred during exit |
check output/logs, clean-up leftover files, open a bug report |
254 |
like 126 and an error and an error occurred during exit |
check output/logs, clean-up leftover files, open a bug report |
255 |
like 127 but an error and an error occurred during exit (e.g., |
check output/logs, clean-up leftover files |